July 2025

Work of Socrates: Socrates left no composed works, so the greater part of our insight into his way of thinking comes from the compositions of his understudies, Plato and Xenophon, and the plays of his contemporary, Aristophanes. However, despite not leaving any written work, Socrates is known for his Socratic Method of questioning, which is […]

MEANING, SCOPE, AND SIGNIFICANCE Political philosophy is a branch of philosophy that seeks to explore and understand the nature of political systems, governance, and human societies. It probes into fundamental questions concerning power, authority, justice, liberty, and the organization of society. While there are numerous definitions and interpretations of political philosophy, the extent of reasoning

Meaning, Significance, and Scope The term “logic” originates from the Greek word “logos,” which has various meanings, including “sentence,” “discourse,” “reason,” “rule,” and “ratio.” While these translations provide some insight, they don’t fully capture the modern concept of logic. In essence, logic is the study of the principles and criteria that determine what constitutes valid

What is Post-Structuralism?Post-structuralism is a critical approach in IR that questions fundamental truths and dominant narratives, particularly those focused on the state and its central role in global politics. Unlike traditional theories such as realism and liberalism—which view states as unitary, rational actors—post-structuralism investigates how these ideas and “realities” are constructed through language, discourse, and

A. Peacebuilding and Conflict Prevention Functionalism contributes to peacebuilding by tackling root causes of conflict through cooperation on cross-border economic projects, resource management, and cultural exchanges. These initiatives build trust, foster economic development, and reduce tensions, emphasizing comprehensive, interconnected solutions to prevent violence recurrence. B. Functional Approaches to Security Instead of relying mainly on military

Marxism is sometimes perceived as an obfuscated amalgam of social, political, and economic doctrines within International Relations, advocating fervently for a classless society and equitable redistribution of resources as a counter-revolutionary stance against capitalist structures. This theoretical framework is often shrouded in ambiguity, with its terminology sometimes conflated with socialism and nationalism, each representing distinct

IntroductionFeminism is a part of critical theories which primarily revolve around women’s rights in International Relations. Feminists argue that the international structure is predominantly male-dominated, and women’s status is reduced to second-class citizens, and it should be abolished. Due to the male-dominated international structure, men make decisions in world politics, and women bear the consequences

Constructivism’s emergence in IR is often linked to the end of the Cold War, an event that traditional theories such as realism and liberalism failed to adequately explain. This failure stems from some core tenets of these theories — for example, the conviction that states are self-interested actors competing for power, and that the international

The word ‘idealism’ is not new; its origin dates back to ancient times. It is derived from the ancient Greek word ‘idein’, meaning to see. Philosophically, many have used the term, but in modern times, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) notably applied it. He primarily derives this term from Plato’s ideas, meaning to acquire an actual

Liberalism is a political theory and philosophy in international relations that primarily emphasizes the rights of individuals, including their liberty, rights, and property. It argues for upholding the rights of the people, thus placing political authority in the hands of governments, but with the active participation of citizens. The contemporary world broadly follows and accepts