Marxism is sometimes perceived as an obfuscated amalgam of social, political, and economic doctrines within International Relations, advocating fervently for a classless society and equitable redistribution of resources as a counter-revolutionary stance against capitalist structures. This theoretical framework is often shrouded in ambiguity, with its terminology sometimes conflated with socialism and nationalism, each representing distinct…

IntroductionFeminism is a part of critical theories which primarily revolve around women’s rights in International Relations. Feminists argue that the international structure is predominantly male-dominated, and women’s status is reduced to second-class citizens, and it should be abolished. Due to the male-dominated international structure, men make decisions in world politics, and women bear the consequences…

Constructivism’s emergence in IR is often linked to the end of the Cold War, an event that traditional theories such as realism and liberalism failed to adequately explain. This failure stems from some core tenets of these theories — for example, the conviction that states are self-interested actors competing for power, and that the international…

The word ‘idealism’ is not new; its origin dates back to ancient times. It is derived from the ancient Greek word ‘idein’, meaning to see. Philosophically, many have used the term, but in modern times, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646–1716) notably applied it. He primarily derives this term from Plato’s ideas, meaning to acquire an actual…

Liberalism is a political theory and philosophy in international relations that primarily emphasizes the rights of individuals, including their liberty, rights, and property. It argues for upholding the rights of the people, thus placing political authority in the hands of governments, but with the active participation of citizens. The contemporary world broadly follows and accepts…

The 20th century realism was response to idealist approach that dominated international relations scholarship in the aftermath of WWI. The key contributors of 20th century realism are Edward Hallett Carr (1892–1982) and Hans Morgenthau (1904–1980). E.H Carr in his notable work “The Twenty years’ crisis” (1939), criticizes idealist approach and describes it as “Utopianism”. According…

The fallibilist method, associated with the philosopher Karl Popper, is an approach to knowledge that recognizes human fallibility and the importance of critical thinking and open-mindedness in pursuing truth. Popper’s fallibilist methodology is particularly prominent in his philosophy of science and his critique of traditional inductive reasoning. Here’s an overview of the fallibilist method as…

          Attempting to erase Nehru’s imprint on the country is a formidable task because he is an integral part of modern India’s DNA. Exclude Nehru from the equation, and you risk delivering a blow to the essence of India. But on divergence side when personal gain is envisioned, do not hesitate…

  Exit polls reveal a shift in sentiment, indicating that the BJP’s grand plans for Kashmir may be derailing in the face of genuine public dissent.   Much like the failed promises of empires past, the BJP’s grand vision of a ‘Naya Kashmir’ now finds itself at odds with the reality on the ground. With…

    The conflict is because raiders of NWFP, Wazir, Masood, and Memmend were sponsored by Pakistan, prompting Maharaja to seek help from India? Why is the Pakistan Army consuming a significant budget ratio? Why did Pakistan focus more on Afghanistan than on Kashmir? In all the trades, including CPEC and power projects, why don’t…